Supervised and Unsupervised learning are the machine learning paradigms which are used in solving the class of tasks by learning from the experience and performance measure. The supervised and Unsupervised learning mainly differ by the fact that supervised learning involves the mapping from the input to the essential output. On the contrary, unsupervised learning does not aim to produce output in the response of the particular input instead it discovers patterns in data. These supervised and … [Read more...]

Fuzzy set and crisp set are the part of the distinct set theories, where the fuzzy set implements infinite-valued logic while crisp set employs bi-valued logic. Previously, expert system principles were formulated premised on Boolean logic where crisp sets are used. But then scientists argued that human thinking does not always follow crisp "yes"/"no" logic, and it could be vague, qualitative, uncertain, imprecise or fuzzy in nature. This gave commencement to the development of the fuzzy set … [Read more...]

Soft computing and hard computing are computing methods where hard computing is the conventional methodology relies on the principles of accuracy, certainty, and inflexibility. Conversely, soft computing is a modern approach premised on the idea of the approximation, uncertainty, and flexibility. Before understanding soft computing and hard computing we should understand, what is computing? The computing in terms of computer technology is the process of accomplishing the particular task with … [Read more...]

Forward engineering and Reverse engineering are part of the re-engineering process and closely related. The crucial difference between the forward engineering and reverse engineering is that forward engineering employs the change in the subject system during restructuring. Conversely, reverse engineering whole sole purpose is to examine the system to obtain its more abstract design. Software re-engineering is nothing but the re-implementation of the legacy system to achieve more … [Read more...]

The primary difference between the top-down and bottom-up integration testing is that the top-down integration testing utilizes the stubs for calling the submodules subordinated to the main function while in bottom-up integration testing the stubs are not needed instead drivers are used. The related redundancy is more in case of the top-down approach as compared to the bottom-up. These two techniques are the part of the integration testing which provides an organised way to build the program … [Read more...]

The smoke and sanity testing are techniques work as a part of the integration and regression testing respectively. The significant difference between the smoke and sanity testing is that the smoke test is employed in the unstable product while the sanity testing is applied to the more stable products. The smoke testing can be said to be shallow testing as it just tests for the vital requisite, but sanity testing examines each of the modules of the software at the end, for checking whether the … [Read more...]

The Verification and Validation are the terms usually used in the context of the software. The verification and validation can be distinguished by the fact that software verification is a process of the checking the design outputs and comparing it with the specified software requirements. On the contrary, software validation is the process of examining the software specifications against the user needs. In a broad way, these activities complete each other and are a part of the Software … [Read more...]

The unit testing and system testing are the interdependent activities of the software testing. Unit testing is the method of testing various isolated software components separately. But when it comes to system testing, it is the technique in which the entire system is exercised with a series of the different tests. In the software testing process, the unit testing is situated in the innermost part of the spiral, on the other hand, system testing is shown in the outermost part of the … [Read more...]

CAD (Computer Aided Drawing/Drafting) and CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) are computer technologies used for mainly product designing and manufacturing purposes where former is used in designing of the product through some designing software while latter involves software for controlling the machines in the industries such as CNC machines. CAD and CAM are the steps included in the manufacturing of a product. Let us understand the difference between CAD and CAM through the given comparison … [Read more...]

RISC and CISC are the characterizations of computer instruction sets which is a part of computer architecture; they differ in complexity, instruction and data formats, addressing modes, registers, opcode specifications, and flow control mechanisms, etc. When a machine is programmed, the programmer uses some particular primitive commands or machine instruction these are generally known as instruction set of a computer. Content: RISC Vs CISC Comparison Chart Definition Key … [Read more...]