FDM and OFDM are the multiplexing techniques used mainly in the analog system. These techniques are distinguished depending upon the spacing between the various subchannels (in the form of the composite signal) transmitted through a single channel. So, in FDM the message signals prevent noise by separating the signals with the help of the guard bands. On the contrary, the OFDM technique does not use guard band, in fact, it allows the overlapping of the signals. Thus, enabling the better … [Read more...]

Attenuation and distortion are the types of impairment occur in the signal, in other words, these are the undesired effects on the signals. The difference between attenuation and distortion lies in the fact that in attenuation the signal losses some part of energy where the amplitude of the signal may decrease. On the other hand, distortion is the change in the waveform of the signal due to noise. Transmission lines experience three significant issues due to imperfect transmission media that … [Read more...]

Star and mesh topology are the types of the topologies where star topology comes under the peer-to-peer transmission and mesh topology works as a primary-secondary transmission. However, these topologies mainly differ in the physical and logical arrangement of the connected devices. The star topology organises the devices around the central controller known as the hub. On the other hand, the mesh topology connects each device to another device with a point-to-point link. Content: Star Topology … [Read more...]

When the multimedia is transferred across the network, it needs the variable bandwidth and distinct traffic types which is known as the heterogeneous service. To deliver these services the high transmission rate is required, and different bit rates must be combined. These characteristics are achieved by distinct techniques known as frame relay and ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). The difference between frame relay and ATM lies in the speed of transmission, efficiency, accurate delivery of the … [Read more...]

Stop-and-wait protocol and Sliding window protocol are the methods evolved for handling the flow control of the network data transfers. These methods mainly differentiated by the techniques they follow such as stop-and-wait uses the concept of the acknowledging each data unit before sending another data unit. Conversely, sliding window protocol allows the transition of the several data units before sending an acknowledgement. Among the two protocols, the sliding window protocol is more … [Read more...]

The major difference between HDLC and PPP is that HDLC is the bit oriented protocol, while PPP is the character-oriented protocol. The HDLC and PPP are the crucial data link layer protocols used in WAN (wide area network) where the HDLC can also be implemented with PPP for the efficient results. HDLC describes the encapsulation technique employed on the data in the synchronous serial data link. On the other hand, the PPP protocol deals with the encapsulation of the data transported in the … [Read more...]

The SIP and VoIP are the technologies work for enabling any type of communication over the internet. However, the VoIP is separately used for IP telephony, but SIP is the protocol which handles the overall exchange of multimedia. More specifically, the SIP signalling protocol is the way to standardise the VoIP or IP telephony. The SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is used to set up the internet telephone calls, video conferencing and other multimedia connections. On the other hand, the Voice … [Read more...]

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) and EIGRP (Enhanced EIGRP) are the two routing protocols used in routing operations. The IGRP is a distance vector interior gateway routing protocols, but the EIGRP incorporates the features of the link state routing with the distance vector routing protocol. There are several differences between the IGRP and EIGRP, priorly IGRP employs a classful routing method while EIGRP is a classless routing protocol. EIGRP provides better support for the vast scale … [Read more...]

The circuit switching and message switching are the distinct techniques employed to connect multiple devices with each other dedicatedly. The significant difference between the circuit switching and message switching is that the circuit switching constructs a dedicated physical connection between the two devices involved in the communication. On the other side, the message switching technique uses a store and forward mechanism for enabling the interaction between the sender and the … [Read more...]

The Hub and Switch are the networking devices which appear to be similar and physically used as a star topology. However, there are several differences between Hub and switch. The prior difference is that logically the hub works like a bus where the same signal is transmitted to all the connections. On the other hand, the switch can provide the communication between any pair of ports. As a result, all the ports in the hub belong to the same collision domain while in switch the ports are operated … [Read more...]