Networking environment's most common task is to transfer the files/data/information between the hosts on the network. FTP and SFTP are the file transferring protocols. Transferring the files over the network in the plain text format can raise the security concern. The FTP protocol was introduced when security over the internet was not a big issue. The data was sent unencrypted in FTP which can be easily intercepted by the attacker. Hence, some secure channel was required to transfer the … [Read more...]

Transmission is the process of forwarding a packet from one host to other connections in a network. In this article, I have discussed the two transmission methods, broadcast and multicast. In both cases, address aggregation is performed, which reduces the size of the prefix that defines the network to which destination hosts are connected. Address aggregation combines the packets and deliver them to ISP (Internet Service Provider), which holds some network together. Further, the packets are … [Read more...]

POP3 and IMAP are the protocols that are used to retrieve mail from the mailbox at the mail server to the recipient's computer. Both are message accessing agents (MAA). The two protocols POP3 and IMAP are used when both the sender and recipient of mail are connected to the mail server by WAN or LAN. The SMTP protocol transfers the mail from client's computer to the mail server and from one mail server to another mail server.POP3 has a limited functionality whereas, the IMAP has extra features … [Read more...]

The computer and other communicating devices represent data in the form of signals. The signals transmit between communicating devices in the form of electromagnetic energy, and hence the signals are called electromagnetic signals. Electromagnetic signals are the combination of electric and magnetic fields that vibrates in relation to each other. The electromagnetic signals can travel through various transmission media. The transmission media is broadly classified into two categories that are … [Read more...]

To send and receive a mail two agents, message transfer agent and a message access agent are required. The message transfer agent transfers the message from client computer to the recipient's mail server. Now, it's the work of message access agent to pull the message from the mailbox present on the mail server at recipient's side to the recipient's computer. We have one message transfer agent i.e. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Agent), and we have two message access agents  POP (Post Office … [Read more...]

Working on computers for long you may have heard the terms Client-Server and Peer-to-Peer. These two are the common network models that we use in our day-to-day life. The Client-Server network model focuses on information sharing whereas, the Peer-to-Peer network model focuses on connectivity to the remote computers. The main difference between the Client-Server and Peer-to-Peer network model is that in Client-Server model, the data management is centralised whereas, in Peer-to-Peer each user … [Read more...]

HTTP and FTP both are the file transfer protocols that are used to transfer data between client and server. HTTP functions similar to the combined functioning FTP and SMTP. FTP is a protocol that sorts the problem when a communicating client and server have a different configuration. The basic point that distinguishes HTTP and FTP is that  HTTP on request provides a web page from a web server to web browser. On another side, FTP is used to upload or download file between client and server. … [Read more...]

DES (Data Encryption Standard) and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) both are the symmetric block cipher. AES was introduced to overcome the drawback of DES. As DES has a smaller key size which makes it less secure to overcome this triple DES was introduced but it turns out to be slower. Hence, later AES was introduced by the National Institute of Standard and Technology. The basic difference between DES and AES is that in DES plaintext block is divided into two halves before the main … [Read more...]

In this article, we are going to discuss the two popular technologies that provide multiple accessibilities to a channel GSM and CDMA. The basic difference between GSM and CDMA is that GSM is specific to a SIM card that is used with the mobile phone. On the other hands, the CDMA is handset specific. Let us discuss some more differences between GSM and CDMA in the comparison chart shown below. Content: GSM Vs CDMA Comparison Chart Definition Key Differences … [Read more...]

1G and 2G are the two generations of mobile phones. 1G is the first generation of mobile phones that brought first wireless communication to us. 1G uses an analog signal for communications and use FDMA for channelization. 1G is used for voice communication, data transmission service was not provided by 1G. 2G was digitalization of 1G i.e. it uses the digital signal for communication. 2G uses TDMA and CDMA for dividing the channels, and it provides voice plus data communication services. Lets … [Read more...]